Zambia chiefs and their families

Zambia chiefs and their families. These customary leaders are usually men and, as custodians of tradition and culture, heavily influence whether harmful gender norms and practices persist or change. thé updated version of thé Zambian constitution as presented in Rubin et al. In this article, we delve into the intriguing world of the Bemba people, exploring their heritage, customs, and contributions to the vibrant culture of Zambian society. At the same time, the chiefs have themselves become more organized and assertive regarding their role in politics, not only nationally, but also internationally across southern Africa. Zambia has one of the highest child marriage rates in the world with 31% of women aged 20-24 years married by the age of 18. Ironically, chiefs' undemocratic character gives them a capacity to organize responses to rural problems that elected politicians and state institutions lack. [1] [failed verification] This is an incomplete list of these tribes arranged in alphabetical order: Zambia’s chiefs, including Chieftainess Mkanda, are the custodians and administrators of the majority of Zambia’s land and natural resources. 24 Chiefs in Zambia are increasingly joining forces to realize common goals, trying to carve out official roles in national and local government, and engaging in Nov 18, 2011 · these chiefs should be made to work for their money,development must be seen, they should also keep registry of their chiefdom, it is pathetic that people being born or dying in villages have no Mar 2, 2016 · “Headmen tell their subordinates to build latrines. foregoing. Journal of Borderlands Studies | 25. The Customary system governs the land under the control of AbaLamba have traditionally mainly inhabited what is now the Copperbelt in Zambia but their habitation is generally historically known to traverse a wider area encompassing modern Zambia and Democratic Republic of Congo. Zambia has high prevalence rates of adolescent pregnancy. Chiefs in Africa are not typically elected along the lines portrayed in the principal-agent literature and many, such as in Sierra Leone, come to power today via relatively undemocratic selection methods. The electoral colleges in the various chieftainships are derived from different branches of the royal family. The fieldwork for this study was undertaken mainly in two villages in Petauke district in early 2014. This practice is similar to many other groups in Zambia, such as the wali ceremony of the Luvale. CMMB - Healthier Lives Worldwide 33-01 11th Street Long Island City, NY 11106 Federal Tax ID (EIN) 13-5602319 800. They rule with the consent of their Aug 18, 2024 · Ian Khama. Aug 12, 2021 · Zambia has 72 tribes and 286 chiefs in the 10 provinces of the country. The ceremony called kuomboka means getting out of water is when the King (Litunga) of Barotseland kingdom or Lozi people moves from his Leaui summer palace which floods during the rainy season to his Limulunga winter palace located in higher grounds. 678. Jun 8, 2023 · A number of chiefs had been demoted to headmen as they were regarded less important to government programmes. 1 HRH Chief Chamuka Lenje People. Aug 14, 2023 · CHIEFDOMS/CHIEFS IN ZAMBIA. study, report and make recommendations to the Government through the House on the mandate, management and operations of the Ministry of Local Government and Housing and the Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs, departments and/or agencies under their portfolios; Jan 25, 2024 · In the last iteration of the richest families in the world, the Hunt family’s net worth was an estimated 16. This argument is tested using data from an original survey of traditional chiefs and an experiment involving voters in Zambia. Kulamba Creremony The ceremony is a way of bringing together different Chewa chiefs from the three countries to present their reports of grievances to paramount chief Kalonga Gawa Undi. ] [67 of 1965; 13 of 1994] An Act to make provision for the recognition, appointment and functions of Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs; Yet the fact that chiefs retain support from their communities is not direct evidence that they are accountable to their communities. 5659 Mail your donation to: Catholic Medical Mission Board Zambia has many indigenous tribes spread across its ten provinces. The potential scale of land documentation in Zambia is enormous. They named the capital Ngwena. 6 billion dollars and was named the 18th richest family, according to Forbes. 1800s. The chiefs and traditional leaders are trained and involved in gender analysis and awareness-raising, human rights, children's rights and HIV/AIDS programmes. They engaged in territorial raids on smaller tribes, seizing their land, resources, and even women. and Deputy Chiefs; for the exclusion of former Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs from. Some had come to mine surface Feb 20, 2023 · Background Adolescent pregnancy increases risk of short- and long-term adverse social and health outcomes for the adolescent mother and child. Among the Lozi in Zambia, Jul 14, 2024 · This book analytically records the political and social history of traditional rulers of a southern district in Zambia. The two day ceremony begins with Mwata Kazembe (the Chief) visiting various sacred places within and outside his palace. Yao are an ethnic bantu group found in southern end of Lake Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. 13 March The Paradox of Traditional Chiefs in Democratic Africa shows that unelected traditional leaders can facilitate democratic responsiveness. specified areas in the interests of public order; for the appointment and. Aug 2, 2024 · BaKgatla people in South Africa are subdivided into major groups each with their own Kgosi (King or paramount chiefs). 139-201. Back in the day Zambian traditional ceremonies were banned by the administrators as heathen and promoting witchcraft. Chief Mwene Mundu Man'ulumbe, the son of Chieftaines Vamwene Mahongo was the first Mbunda Chief to visit Bulozi in the 17th century to interact with the Aluyi, King Yeta Twamona, a visit that resulted in their establishing a friendship. His Palace was at Liumba in Bulozi. Cf. Chief Mwene Mundu Man'ulumbe: His Palace was at Liumba in Bulozi: 1795: 1800s: Chief Mwene Mundu Man'ulumbe, the son of Chieftaines Vamwene Mahongo was the first Mbunda Chief to visit Bulozi in the 17th century to interact with the Aluyi, King Yeta Twamona, a visit that resulted in their establishing a friendship. Since the 1960’s, the Rhodesian front administration wanted to work with chiefs for their political benefits and efforts were made to upgrade the chiefs in the 1970’s and around 33 were upgraded in 1976. The two villages, Dani village, under Chief Nyamphande, and Sikankhomba village, under paramount Chief Kalindawalo, were selected in 2013 as model villages by the PDLA and/or chiefs to test the effect of implementing the TLHCs in practically every household. Clark Hunt specifically, the Chiefs’ part-owner, has a net worth of $2 billion, according to CelebrityNetWorth. Jun 25, 2018 · The Tonga are predominately identified by their homeland in the Southern Province. Hunt, founded a new football league (the American Football League) and a new football team called the Dallas Texans—after Aug 3, 2021 · Background Climate-induced disruptions like drought can destabilize household and community livelihoods, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. 271378 Jul 2, 2021 · In Zambia’s customary systems chiefs and their advisors – known as indunas – and village headpersons allocate land. functions of kapasus; and for matters incidental to or connected with the. Chiefs are key figures in bringing development to their communities, and as such they are intimately tied to capital investment in their territories (Fraser and Larmer 2010). May 21, 2020 · Zambia Police has refused to give bond to Hon. Traditional entities are recognized by Government with representatives seating in the House of Chiefs under the constitution. Jan 11, 2020 · Trade unions in Zambia and in several other developing countries have been understood to create ‘detribalising’ class consciousnesses. The landlocked country is situated on a high plateau and takes its name from the Zambezi River, which drains all but a small Jul 30, 2018 · Chiefs, court officials, and men and women at the grassroots level have access to new tools to reconceptualise how men and women might work, live and develop their communities together Dec 31, 1996 · Chiefs Act, 1965 Chapter 287. in the past, people paid homage to their chiefs and some continue to do so. They have a capacity to organize responses to rural problems that elected May 21, 2011 · Chiefs should forms trusts so that the chiefs’ immediate family and their subjects can benefit equally. The colonial anthropological contribution to the study of Zambian chieftainship centred on the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute and the Manchester School — and included such classic studies of chieftainship as Barnes 1954; Cunnison 1959; Gluckman 1943, 1967; Richards 1935; Watson 1958; cf. Chisamba District. The Government of Zambia recognizes 4 Paramount chiefs, 43 Senior chiefs and 241 Chiefs. These are even the ones used for local languages on the national broadcaster ZNBC tv and radio and also taught in schools in the regions where they are predominantly spoken. Jun 28, 2023 · With their unique history and captivating traditions, the Bemba tribe holds a significant place within Zambia. Oct 11, 2021 · There is insecurity on customary tenure as some people are displaced from their land due to large scale land acquisitions without regard to their land rights. com. Zambia's Experiments in Democracy. BaKgatla ba Kgafela is also found in Neighbouring Botswana. The Bemba eventually settled in present-day Northern Province after they spotted a dead crocodile that they took to represent a good omen. Photos courtesy . Feb 11, 2024 · In 1959, Lamar Hunt (b. Chiefs and politicians with stronger relationships collaborate more effectively to provide local public goods. Correction,the main tribes in ZAMBIA are seven namely;BEMBA,NYANJA,TONGA,LOZI,KAONDE,LUVALE and LUNDA. In total there are 73 tribes in Zambia 74 plus english the official Feb 20, 2023 · Factors identified as influencing adolescent pregnancy in Zambia were analysed at four levels: 1) individual factors such as early or child marriage, exposure to media, knowledge about sexual and reproductive health and contraception, contraceptive use, as well as risky sexual behaviours; 2) interpersonal level factors such as peer pressure But rather the matrilocal extended family comprised of a man and his wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and their children. The Yao had close ties with the Swahili on the coast during the late 19th century and adopted some parts of their culture, such as architecture and Islam, but still kept their own national identity. For instance, there are the Gwembe Valley Tonga who reside in the Gwembe Valley, a series of gorges below the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls measuring approximately 230 miles (370 km) long and 150 miles (2411 km) wide (Colson). Dec 10, 2022 · For example, in Zambia, family caregivers are traditionally expected to provide care for sick family members 6. Their royal titles differ with the four most senior ones being called Kings or Paramount chiefs. Methods In 4 days ago · Zambia - Colonial Rule, Independence, Economy: At first the BSAC administered its territory north of the Zambezi in two parts, North-Eastern and North-Western Rhodesia. They control access to lands and forests, and their decisions are binding on the individuals who live within their chiefdoms. J3 Nov 2, 2011 · The ceremony also reminds the chiefs and their subject some of the significant events in the history of the tribe such as the manner in which they crossed the Luapula river at Chiligoma in Luwingu May 21, 2023 · Lusaka - Zambia: A national dialogue between the Parliamentary caucus on children (PPC) and the House of Chiefs has been held in Lusaka with the aim of ending His Palace was at Liumba in Bulozi: 1795: 1800s: Chief Mwene Mundu Man'ulumbe, the son of Chieftaines Vamwene Mahongo was the first Mbunda Chief to visit Bulozi in the 17th century to interact with the Aluyi, King Yeta Twamona, a visit that resulted in their establishing a friendship. In Zambia, security of tenure for communities residing under customary land tenure settings has in recent years increasingly come under threat owing to the pressures of high rate of urbanization, speculation, subdivision and conversion to state land, which effectively excludes marginal populations from accessing resources for their land. 73 tribes co-exist peacefully in a landlocked country, Zambia and celebrate their heritage by hosting traditional festivals throughout the year. However, the risk factors are varied and in need of further review and research. … to ensure tenure security, some chiefs are issuing documents to ascertain user rights and ownership of pieces of land by families. With their population being the largest among the various tribes in Zambia, the Bemba people make up more than a third of the country’s total population. In recent years, chieftainship as a qualification for membership of the House of Chiefs is explicitly based on thé Chiefs Act; cf. Family caregivers are primary carers for people living with mental disorders and serve as source of emotional, physical (helping to eat, bath, take medication and bedside caring of individual is a norm) and provide much needed Aug 4, 2024 · Paramount Chief of Yao people. You can also enter to win one of many Zambia Safaris, including a 5-day Safari at South Luangwa National Park in Zambia or a 5-days Safari for a party of 4! MULAMU: Finally, I paint a picture of chiefs' day-to-day work in Zambia and describe the conditions under which they have incentives to facilitate the development of their communities. One of its Kings Kgosi Gaborone is responsible for naming the capital of Botswana – Gaborone. Commenced on 1 November 1965 [This is the version of this document at 31 December 1996. The study accordingly reviewed the prevalence and factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in Zambia. the holders of customary land do not pay land taxes to government. “The basic kinship unit of Bemba society is not the individual family, but a matrilocal extended family composed of a man and his wife, their married daughters, and the latter’s husbands and children. The welfare of chiefs need to be looked into. BaTlokwa are a tswana speaking tribe established in the 1600s with a monarchy centred around Tlokweng ruled by Kings. . com: History of the Tonga Chiefs and Their People in the Monze District of Zambia (American University Studies): 9780820424514: Saha, Santosh: Books Oct 1, 2013 · This argument is tested using data from an original survey of traditional chiefs and an experiment involving voters in Zambia. families or backgrounds, those living in rural areas, those not attending school, pregnant girls and their boyfriends, orphans and stepchildren, difficult or ‘hard to manage’ children, and children without adequate supervision or support. Dec 2, 2013 · Chiefs/Chieftainesses play an important role in Zambia's culture and traditions: they are able to award land to, or take land from, anyone in their chiefdom for any purpose, and they are used as Mar 29, 2018 · The Lunda and Luba people of Luapula province celebrate their pre-colonial victories with the Umutomboko or Mutomboko ceremony. This divide between state land administration and a largely undocumented customary land administration system has been blamed for many of the land disputes that have Dec 2, 2013 · (1987). 2 HRH Chieftainess Mungule Lenje People. Jan 8, 2024 · HH should go there, take all their land and sell it to Lebanese homosexuals, Pakistani and Indian swindlers and Chinese scammers who will then cut it up in smaller pieces, and sell it right back Sep 29, 2023 · Hello, welcome to the African Royal Families, a blog, news and media website for royals allover the African continent. It deliver resources to voters, giving voters good reason to consider their patron's opinions of candidates. At the time when Zambia was a growing nation after 1964, the book shows that chiefs through the house of chiefs represented people in their various areas; this facilitated for good governance in the nation, and they gave government feedback on the needs of the people thus this helped government to foster development in all parts of the country power to negotiate on behalf of their people, by for example reserving a certain number of jobs for specific tribes in the community. They also learned how they should keep the latrines Dec 27, 2022 · Zambia has a dual land tenure system recognized by the co nstitution and land polic y which govern land i n all parts of the Country. ”24 May 14, 2018 · The Field Study. All the subordinate chiefs in Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique come to Katete at Mkaika to pay their tributes and join in the celebrations with their people. some chiefs keep records of the land held by their subjects (sichone 2008; mulolwa 2006; Van asperen &mulolwa 2006). In the customary system the chiefs regulate the allocation of the land. Language. Kate Baldwin studied chiefs in Zambia and found that traditional leaders made democracy work better for citizens. It reconstructs the biographical sketches of important chiefs and examines social codes such as marriages and divorces. While they are considered Kings by their people, the South African government address them as Paramount chiefs. In 1911 these were united to form Northern Rhodesia, with its capital at Livingstone, near Victoria Falls. A. ] Main page; Contents; Current events; Random article; About Wikipedia; Contact us; Donate; Help; Learn to edit; Community portal; Recent changes; Upload file In Zambia, many 561 COMMUNITY-LED TOTAL SANITATION IN ZAMBIA TABLE 5 Application of the IBM-WASH for promotion of latrine construction and usage with CLTS Levels Contextual factors Psychosocial factors Technology factors Societal/structural Seasonality of toilet usage; rocky and sandy soils in some locations Headmen and traditional leaders (e. ] Apr 17, 2022 · Photos and videos courtesy. LAND TENURE IN CUSTOMARY LAND Approximately 94% of the country is officially designated as customary Area. Apr 17, 2017 · Lusaka town was fully open and trading today as people were busy making money to feed their families, not concerning themselves with a law breaker who got caught up by the law!! There are 288 Jun 13, 2023 · Tanganyika as it was called over 50 years ago had monarchs, kings, sultans and chiefs ruling the many different tribal communities. 3 HRH Chief Liteta Lenje People. Officiai lists of recognized chiefs and their councilîors have been An Act to make provision for the recognition, appointment andfunctions of Chiefs. While both globally and in Zambia, girls appear to be marriage. They rule with the consent of their 5. One of the main challenges in ending child marriage is traditional and ingrained attitudes that makes the practice accepted across the society . Zambia is located in south-central Africa. Historically, the Bemba tribe played a significant role in the expansion of their kingdom. The Lala people are a Bantu ethnic group found in the Serenje District of the Central Province of Zambia. Chiefs and Traditional Leaders, Zambia 1 Chiefs and Traditional Leaders, Zambia Section 1: Overview of the methodology Name of the methodology Chiefs’ and traditional leaders’ involvement in social and economic empowerment of rural communities Country/region of implementation Eastern Province of Zambia Start/end date April 2013 - June 2016 The Lala have also traditionally had an initiation ritual for girls upon getting their first period; they would be secluded from the community for a period of time, and be taught lessons, coupled with dances, in preparation for their adult life. The lobbying of bicyles to all their headmen and if DEC and ACC were serious institutions Eastern Province; Ceremony District Chief Tribe Month N'cwala: Chipata: Paramount Chief Mpenzeni: Ngoni: February Muganda Lundazi Senior Chief Magodi Tumbuka Feb 2, 2020 · Hello, welcome to the African Royal Families, a blog, news and media website for royals allover the African continent. However, girls that get married at a young age face a number of challenges such as complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Oct 11, 2021 · The result of this is that chiefs’ approval of title deeds varies widely according to which chiefs are involved, especially because an expanded interpretation of the Lands Act made it possible for chiefs to use their own discretion in granting rights to customary land to the inhabitants of customary land, Zambians, affluent individuals Oct 11, 2018 · The chief-as-a-broker perspective suggests complementarities between modern and traditional authorities in terms of both governance and moral authority. Although each tribe has its own distinct customs, they have one thing in common: chiefs are chosen by families who constitute the electoral college. Values and structures that enable concepts of the good life more commonly found among Bemba Apr 29, 2020 · Malawi and Zambia have a high prevalence of child marriage. 1932, d. Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2015-01-21 21:50:07. In contrast, we argue that Zambian understandings of unionism have developed through similar political economic processes to those that generated ‘tribes’. The USAID-supported work builds on this initial experience of chiefs with customary land documentation. Chibombo District Tribe. The ones Apr 19, 2009 · Lusaka - Zambia: Chiefs in Luapula Province have been advised to sit down with their royal family members and prepare a list of their family trees as part of Jan 21, 2015 · Includes bibliographical references (p. 19, No. It is occupied by73 tribes, headed by 240 chiefs, 8 senior chiefs and 4 paramount chiefs (Chileshe, 2005). Below is a a link about the BaKgatla Kings. 25-26, pp. 2. Traditional Kings and Chiefs of Zambia The Government of Zambia recognizes 4 Paramount chiefs, 43 Senior chiefs and 241 Chiefs. Chiefs and the State in Independent Zambia. Remember they were the negotiators who signed treaties with the colonialists as the heads of Jul 1, 2021 · For assistance with your Zambia travel planning, visit the Go Zambia virtual show and chat on line or have 1-2-1 virtual meetings with 20 Zambia tour companies and lodges. B. The Lala language, known locally as Ilala, is mutually intelligible/closely related with the Bisa and Bemba languages of the Northern, Muchinga, and Luapula provinces of Zambia. and Deputy Chiefs; for the exclusion of former Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs from specified areas in the interests of public order; for the appointment and functions of kapasus; and for matters incidental to or connected with the give households, chiefs, and communities documentation of customary rights to land, as well as increase transparency in land allocation and management. Many of Zambia’s ethnic groups practice matrilocal land inheritance patterns on customary land, where men relocate to their wives’ villages for part or all of their marriages. 1795. In Malawi, approximately 1 in 2 girls married by the age of 18 . 1985. Republic of Zambia 1965; Rubin and Tarantino 1980. g Mar 21, 2018 · Historically, the Ministry of Lands has had no records of individual landholdings from the over 70 percent of the country that is managed by Zambia’s 288 customary chiefs. Chiefs and politicians with stronger relationships collaborate more In Zambia’s customary systems chiefs and their advisors – known as indunas – and village headpersons allocate land. Kgosikgolo of BaTlokwa . Like for the Chiefs, they showed example by building latrines at their households. Mar 20, 2024 · families emerged to contest the chieftaincy but after presentation of their respective family trees, the number of eligible royal families was narrowed down to three: the Mulonga, the Tubi-Kalifu (Appellants' family) and the Kashimbi (Respondents' family). Mar 27, 2024 · Traditional Kings and Chiefs of Zambia - THE AFRICAN ROYAL FAMILIES. 2 - 2010 7 e legacy behind the Caprivi panhandle’s odd cartographic shape and present-day socio- political realities in the borderland would seem to sustain a two-pronged proposition widely associated with African boundaries: Firstly, that the Namibia-Zambia boundary was drawn arbitrarily to exclusively serve European strategic interests in Africa, at the Oct 12, 2021 · The embarrassing stance we saw from our chiefs singing for PF in the last elections was total madness. under most customary systems, land is held by the community, but individuals, Sep 11, 2020 · Zambia has a dual land tenure system: customary tenure and formal title registration. [117]-122) and index. Jul 11, 2018 · It was believed that Barosteland had copper, gold and other minerals, so Cecil Rhodes, a colonialist figure known for his dreams of building a road from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt convinced the Litunga (the King – known by the name Lewanika) to sign over mining rights to Rhodes British South African Company under the Lochner Concession of 1890. Zambia's history of democratic elections closely parallels continent-wide trends. Estimates of the number of Feb 22, 2014 · The Land tenure system in Zambia is divided in the following administrative segments: colonial period 1880-1964; immediate post independence 1964-1975, post independence period of one party The Government of Zambia recognizes 4 Paramount chiefs, 43 Senior chiefs and 241 Chiefs. Inheritance patterns in many of these groups is matrilineal, where children inherit land from their mother’s family (often from uncles, rather than their fathers). Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image; 1. Zambia has a dual land tenure system: customary tenure and formal title registration. These royal dynasties and royal families have existed for centuries and held immense power and influence among their people. Werbner 1984 for a recent appraisal. This is a royal site dedicated in showcasing and promotion of African Royal Culture, Traditions, events and news about various Royals, Royal Houses, Royal Families and Monarchies on the African continent. Here are just a few of zambia celebrations and interesting facts about zambia culture. L. Without land at the disposal of chiefs and their headpersons, traditional authority in Zambia becomes meaningless’ (2010: 7). Chief Mwene Mundu Man'ulumbe. 2006), the son of an oil tycoon H. ” (Champion, Male, Eastern Province) “For those that didn't have latrines, they felt they should build because others had already, so they felt pressured. 1. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law: Vol. Methods Aug 1, 1994 · Amazon. Among a population of perhaps one million, there were about 1,500 white residents. May 15, 2023 · It is clear in this study that the effect of tradition leadership in countries like Zambia is still active with considerable amount of leverage on the political direction of a country and chiefs Mar 13, 1998 · Constitution of Zambia Act, 1996 Date 13 March 1998 Language Amended by House of Chiefs (Amendment) Regulations, 2005. Dec 31, 1996 · Chiefs Act, 1965 Chapter 287. Some palaces, roads leading to so called Dec 31, 1996 · Chiefs Act, 1965 Zambia Zambia Chiefs Act, 1965 Chapter 287 Commenced on 1 November 1965 [This is the version of this document at 31 December 1996. During the training of trainers, they receive information, education and Jun 20, 2018 · Chilufya’s son was crowned the new chief, starting a matrilineal form of royal succession that continues today. Sep 4, 2018 · Kabilika has also made a similar observation arguing that this ‘idea of converting customary land into state land has the potential to dethrone all the chiefs in Zambia. Jul 15, 2013 · increase their chances of staying healthier, better their education and build a better life for themselves and their families. Raphael Nakacinda; It appears UN has realised Zambia has,A LIAR FOR PRESIDENT…stop the arbitrary arrests on oppositionleaders, just deal with your fears – Kalaba; Is Muzala Samukonga being ungrateful to Zambia? Take me in and bring back my son, cries JJ Banda’s mother Lala. This qualitative study explores the impact of severe and prolonged droughts on gendered livelihood transitions, women’s social and financial wellbeing, and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes in two Zambian provinces. The malaise of dichotomised tenure has been the source of Zambia’s tenure disputes (Chinene,1998). 1 HRH Chief Chitanda Lenje People. History of Zambia, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Zambia, from prehistoric times to the present day. CENTRAL PROVINCE. These are the leading cause of death in young women. These customary leaders are usually men and, as custodians of tradition and culture, heavily influence whether harmful gender norms and practices persist or change. ozruf tjwj gad oxuwes afxhj oqauuv sxelrh nykyxto oftk xwt